Single particle mass spectrometry of oxalic acid in ambient aerosols in Shanghai: Mixing state and formation mechanism

Oxalic acid in individual aerosol particles was measured using single particle aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ATOFMS) in the summer of 2007 in Shanghai, China. Oxalate was found in 3.4% of total particles with diameters in the range of 0.2 – 2.0 μm. Size, chemical composition and hourly temporal counts of single particles that contained oxalic acid were measured. The predominant types of oxalate-containing particles were characterized to distinguish the primary and secondary sources of oxalic acid. Biomass burning was revealed as a major primary source of oxalic acid which contributed more than 20% of the oxalate-containing particles. Evidences for two different formation pathways of oxalic acid were observed in our experiment. The number fraction of oxalate-containing particles correlated with that of sulfate particles and the changes of air parcel backward trajectories, suggesting that in-cloud processing played important roles in oxalic acid formation. The diurnal patterns of dust and sea salt particle counts fitted well with the ambient relative humidity variation, suggesting that heterogeneous reactions occurring in hydrated/deliquesced aerosols also contributed to the production of oxalic acid.     

锅炉鼓引风机的变频节能改造

锅炉鼓风机及引风机靠风机入口的风门挡板来调节风量,效率低,造成能源浪费.通过对离心风机的变频节能原理的分析,提出具体变频改造方案,并对改造后的效果进行对比,说明采用变频调速控制方式将大大提高风机设备的运行效率,改善风机工况,节能降耗,降低生产成本,直接和间接经济效益十分明显.     

Evaluation of a Watershed Model for Estimating Daily Flow Using Limited Flow Measurements1

Abstract: The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was evaluated for estimation of continuous daily flow based on limited flow measurements in the Upper Oyster Creek (UOC) watershed. SWAT was calibrated against limited measured flow data and then validated. The Nash‐Sutcliffe model Efficiency (NSE) and mean relative error values of daily flow estimations were 0.66 and 15% for calibration, and 0.56 and 4% for validation, respectively. Also, further evaluation of the model’s estimation of flow at multiple locations was conducted with parametric paired t‐test and nonparametric sign test at a 95% confidence level. Among the five main stem stations, four stations were statistically shown to have good agreement between predicted and measured flows. SWAT underestimated the flow of the fifth main stem station possibly because of the existence of complex flood control measures near to the station. SWAT estimated the daily flow at one tributary station well, but with relatively large errors for the other two tributaries. The spatial pattern of predicted flows matched the measured ones well. Overall, it was concluded from the graphical comparisons and statistical analyses of the model results that SWAT was capable of reproducing continuous daily flows based on limited flow data as is the case in the UOC watershed.     

微量金属元素及其配合物对厨余垃圾甲烷发酵的影响

生物可利用的微量金属元素不仅能够保证污染物以最大的速率转化，而且还可以使某些特殊的转化得以发生，并提高微生物对有毒污染物质的耐受能力。在研究厨余垃圾总固体浓度(total solid, TS)、接种量和C/N比对厨余垃圾厌氧发酵影响的基础上，重点探讨微量金属元素钴及其配合物丝氨酸对厨余垃圾厌氧发酵甲烷产量及关键酶含量的影响。结果表明，当TS为0.5%、接种污泥量为100 mL/L和C/N比为20∶1时，厨余垃圾厌氧发酵的甲烷产率较高，为367 mL/g COD；添加2 μmol/L的微量金属元素钴-配合物丝氨酸时，甲烷产率则提高到432 mL/g COD，相应地，辅酶M的含量由空白实验的41.21 μmol/g VSS提高到54.64 μmol/g VSS，辅酶F₄₂₀的含量由0.31 μmol/g VSS提高到0.48 μmol/g VSS。     

微曝气Fenton氧化法处理模拟双酚A废水的效果及其生物验证

研究了微曝气Fenton氧化法关键工艺参数对模拟双酚A（BPA）废水处理效果的影响，并从活性污泥性质和污染物去除率两方面，采用膜生物反应器(membrane bioreactor, MBR)对微曝气Fenton氧化法的处理效果进行了实验验证，为实现BPA废水的生物处理奠定基础。结果表明，初始pH值、反应时间、H₂O₂/COD(质量浓度比)、H₂O₂/Fe²⁺ (摩尔浓度比)、反应温度及曝气量均对预处理效果有较大影响，在最佳条件下，COD去除率可达70%，BOD/COD值则由原废水的0.02提高到0.50以上。MBR处理上述出水的结果表明，经微曝气Fenton氧化处理BPA的废水，可较好地适应后续的生化处理。     

垃圾填埋场微生物气溶胶粒径分布研究

为了了解垃圾填埋场微生物气溶胶粒径分布规律,在北京市某垃圾卫生填埋场填埋区、渗滤液处理区、生活区分别选定监测点,利用安德森六级微生物采样器,对填埋场空气微生物进行了系统的定点取样、测定和分析。研究结果表明，空气细菌粒径分布均为第Ⅰ级(>8.2 μm)最高,填埋区空气细菌粒径呈偏态分布,渗滤液处理区、生活区分别在第Ⅳ级和第Ⅲ级出现第2个峰值。携带细菌的可吸入微粒在渗滤液处理区比例最大。空气真菌与放线菌均在第Ⅳ级分布最高,携带真菌和放线菌的可吸入粒子的比例显著大于细菌(P<0.05)。填埋区不同作业时段空气微生物粒径在各级分布比例基本一致。填埋区细菌气溶胶中值直径为5.7 μm,渗滤液处理区为3.7 μm,生活区为5.3 μm，显著大于真菌气溶胶和放线菌气溶胶的中值直径(P<0.05)。     

水中安替比林的紫外光降解研究

以波长为254 nm的紫外杀菌灯为光源，研究了水溶液中消炎镇痛药物安替比林（PZ）的光降解行为；考察了初始pH值及水中其他物质对PZ光降解的影响，探讨了PZ光解机制，并分析其降解产物及光解途径。结果表明，安替比林的光降解遵循拟一级反应动力学规律，pH值变化对光解速率基本没有影响。安替比林直接光降解占主导作用，活性氧类物种（ROS）对安替比林间接光解基本没有贡献。腐殖酸对安替比林光降解有抑制作用，而NO^-₃，HCO^-₃，Cl^-对安替比林光降解没有明显作用。GC-MS分析表明安替比林在紫外辐射下生成甲酰胺，乙酰胺，2-羟基吲哚-3-酮，2，4（1氢，3甲基）-喹唑啉二酮，1-甲基-2-羟基苯并咪唑，2-羟基苯并恶唑等一系列具有安替比林母体苯环结构的化合物，表明安替比林侧链上N—N键断裂导致其最终降解。     

发光细菌法在水质综合毒性在线检测中的应用

以海洋发光细菌费氏弧菌（Vibriofischeri）作为检测生物，采用冻干菌粉快速复苏技术，研究费氏弧菌在水质检测中的最佳测试温度和有效性测试条件，并对硫酸锌等多种毒物和几种实际水样进行发光抑制作用分析。研究表明，费氏弧菌冻干粉复苏菌液保存在2～5℃条件下能有效测试7d，最佳测试温度为15℃，最佳测试时间为15min。氯化汞、硫酸锌、硫酸镉等重金属和苯胺、多菌灵、甲醛等有机毒物对费氏弧菌均具有较强的光抑制作用，也即费氏弧菌对以上毒物较为敏感，并能够连续7d保持对同一浓度硫酸锌的敏感性较为一致。对几种实际水样的测试和分析表明，以费氏弧菌为指示生物的发光细菌法能够应用于水质环境安全的综合毒性在线监测预警中。     

三元复合驱采出水中悬浮固体的控制方法

采用向三元复合驱采出水中加入水质稳定剂的方法有效降低采出水中悬浮固体的质量浓度。实验结果表明,将100 g采出水依次经滤纸和孔径为0.45μm的醋酸纤维素膜过滤后,加入1.0 g WSBL-3型水质稳定剂,混合均匀后置于80℃的水浴中静置4 h,取出后再置于40℃的水浴中静置5 min,由此可将采出水中的悬浮固体质量浓度由107 mg/L降至2 mg/L。     

pH、溶解氧、叶绿素a之间相关性研究Ⅱ：非养殖水体

利用国内、外近20年的资料和饮用水水源地潘家口水库现场围隔实验结果,分析非养殖水体中pH、溶解氧（DO）和叶绿素a之间的相互关系。结果表明,当水体处于富营养化状态即叶绿素a平均含量高于10μg/L时,pH、DO与叶绿素a呈显著正相关。当叶绿素a平均含量低于10μg/L时,水体交换强或有机重污染的天然水体中DO与叶绿素a...